Until the 1700s, the Ute people traveled the mountains of western Colorado, and the Apache controlled the eastern plains. The Apache gave way to the Comanche between 1720 and 1805, and the Ute extended their hunting range onto the plains between 1750 and 1868. The Santa Fe Trail, stretching between Franklin, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico, opened in 1821 and brought Spanish-speaking traders and Mexican goods over Raton Pass. In the late 1850s, Hispano settlements spread northward from northern New Mexico into southern Colorado, and farmers settled in the Purgatory Valley, which was abundant with water, timber, and grasslands. After the mines opened, coal companies needed laborers, and Trinidad became a magnet for workers from around the world, growing into a cosmopolitan city and a center of commerce and finance, with 35,000 workers in the region at the peak of the coal and railroad-building era. Labor disputes in coal camps across the region culminated in the Ludlow Massacre in 1914, where 21 people were killed, including 12 women and 11 children who died when fire trapped them beneath their tents, and mining then began to decline along with Trinidad's fortunes. In 1888, two brothers born in New York and schooled in Chicago moved to Trinidad to capitalize on the boom, and the forty buildings they designed captured the city's stature and left a lasting architectural legacy. Arthur Roy Mitchell produced more than 160 illustrations of cowboys, horses, and cattle for pulp magazine covers from the 1920s to the 1940s, helping shape romantic perceptions of the American West, and a museum of Western art displays an extensive collection of his work and his personal collection of Native American pottery, blankets, and artifacts. Drop City, an artists colony and national symbol of the counterculture of the 1960s, anticipated Trinidad's later turnaround as an arts destination, and the Victorian architecture of the Rapp Brothers is being transformed into a backdrop for a creative workforce as public and private investment repurposes a downtown block into live-work space for the creative sector.