From 1817 to 1818, U.S. armed forces led by General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida and fought the Seminole Tribe in what became known as the First Seminole War. As a result, Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 as part of the Adams-Onis Treaty. In 1823, the U.S. Government and representatives of the Seminoles signed the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, which established a reservation in central Florida. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing called for the Seminoles to settle on a Creek reservation west of the Mississippi River. Many Seminole chiefs refused to leave their homeland and sign the treaty, which led to the outbreak of the Second Seminole War.