From 1866 to 1901, the arrival of the railroads into the lands of the Cherokee and Mvskoke (Creek) Nations transformed the area near the Arkansas River, as a terminus railhead was planted a mile east of the river in 1882 and a second was extended in 1883 and named Red Fork. Tent towns of traders, merchants, and pioneers grew along these rights-of-way, strips of railroad land reclaimed by Federal action from the ownership of the Mvskoke (Creek) Nation. Through inter-marriage and negotiated leasing, mixed-blood 'Creeks' and cattle ranchers claimed grazing rights on thousands of acres for fattening trail drive cattle for shipment to Mid-western markets, and a single shipment of 4,500 head left the Red Fork-Tulsa yards in 1891. At the same time, pressure mounted to break up the unitary ownership of the vast lands granted to the relocated Southern Mvskoke Creeks, and citizenship rolls and land surveys were undertaken in preparation for individual allotment and the transfer of ownership of tens of thousands of parcels. By January 1, 1901, a definitely new and different century had dawned in the Indian Territory.