Several utopian groups tried to create better social structures in southern Iowa. In 1839 Abner Kneeland, a pantheist, established Salubria in Van Buren County, but economic problems plagued the effort and it ended after his death in 1844. In 1843 followers of the French socialist Charles Fourier founded Phalanx in Mahaska County, though that communal experiment lasted only two years. Followers of another Frenchman, Etienne Cabet, also attempted communal settlements in the United States, including Icaria in Adams County, which existed from 1860 to 1895. In 1850 a group of Hungarian refugees from the Revolutions of 1848, led by Ladislaus Ujhazy, settled in Decatur County and founded New Buda, but after economic difficulties most moved to Texas in 1853. In 1851 people from near Farmington formed the Hopewell Colony, moved later that year to Clarke County, and founded Hopeville. Although its communal character soon changed, the village endured and remained a thriving community for several decades, becoming the only one of these southern Iowa experiments whose remnants lasted into the 20th century.