The Coast Guard developed from the Revenue Marine Service established under the U.S. Treasury Department in 1790 and the Lighthouse Service established in 1789. Its first ten cutters entered service in 1791 to enforce tariff laws and prevent smuggling, and by the late 1790s it was operating under the Secretary of the Navy, flying its first official ensign and pennant, and sending fleets against French raiders. During the nineteenth century its duties expanded through lightships, aid to seafarers and ships in distress, enforcement actions from Charleston to Florida, the introduction of an iron-hull steam-powered cutter, protection of property from wrecks, and the construction of Life Saving Stations along the New Jersey coast. In the Civil War, Cutter Harriet Lane fired the first shot and Cutter Naugatuck escorted Monitor into battle with Merrimac, and after the war cutters were sent to Alaska Territory to bring government and law while the Lifesaving Service was established. Coast Guard cutters also served in the Spanish-American War and at Manila Bay, and in 1915 the Revenue Cutter Service and the Lifesaving Service were merged into the U.S. Coast Guard. In World War I, men and ships were assigned to the Navy for convoy and submarine patrol duty, the first aviation division was formed, Cutter Tampa was sunk by a German torpedo, and the service pioneered signals intelligence. In the years that followed, it completed a trans-Atlantic flight, took on Prohibition enforcement, organized wartime beach patrols in World War II, assumed marine inspection, navigation, and port security duties, pioneered helicopter rescue operations, and manned landing craft in European and Pacific campaigns. Its later history included establishing the Northwest Passage through Arctic waters, patrolling in Operation Market Time during the Vietnam War, transfer in 1967 from the Treasury Department to the Department of Transportation, expanded opportunities for women beginning in 1973, enforcement of fishery conservation law, service in Grenada, Panama, and the Gulf War, transfer in 2002 to the Department of Homeland Security, support in the wars with Iraq and Afghanistan, and the rescue of 33,735 people during hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.