Texas cattle trailing to Louisiana developed as a business in the Galveston-Houston area during the Spanish period, ending in 1821, and the Mexican period, from 1821 to 1836. It continued under the Republic of Texas from 1836 to 1845, when the Texas Road developed from Texas through Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, to Missouri. Overland trade increased in 1840 when the Republic of Texas established a military road along its entire western frontier from the Gulf Coast to the Red River, on a route approximating present-day I-35. In 1841 a branch known as Preston Road developed, running from Preston Bend on the Red River to near Waco, and it quickly became the primary overland route for emigrants moving south into Texas and for cattle and other goods moving north out of Texas. By the end of the Republic era in 1845, this route moved thousands of cattle out of Texas to markets in Missouri. After 1845, when Texas became a state, traffic along Preston Road increased significantly, and an estimated 200,000 cattle traveled this route before the Civil War. During its heyday, cattlemen seldom called it Preston Road, instead calling it the Trail, the Kansas Trail, or the Sedalia Trail, before this easternmost of the great cattle trails became known as the Shawnee Trail. By the mid-1850s, cattle movement along the Shawnee Trail became increasingly difficult as armed bands of Missourians stopped herds and sent them back to Texas because Texas Longhorns carried Texas fever, fatal to Missouri livestock but not to the longhorns. By 1859 resistance from farmers along the trail and legal opposition from the state government had slowed cattle movement to a trickle. The Civil War then closed all but essential traffic, and with northern markets cut off, no cattle were driven up the Shawnee Trail from 1861 through 1865 while a surplus accumulated in Texas. At the war's end, strong northern demand for beef created a booming market, and in 1866 an estimated 200,000 to 260,000 steers headed north up the Shawnee Trail, but Missouri farmers again used legal action and violence to stop the drives, so only a few herds reached their destination while most were turned back or forced onto long and expensive detours. In 1867 transportation problems eased when the Chisholm Trail was established, carrying cattle from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railway, and between 1867 and 1877 it delivered more than 2,000,000 head of cattle. By 1875 the Western Trail developed from South Texas, crossed the Red River at Doan's Store about 150 miles west of the Chisholm, and ended at Dodge City, with many herds continuing on to ranges in the Dakotas and Montana. By the late 1880s more than 1,000,000 cattle had traveled the Western Trail, and in the 1890s long trail drives ended as railroads such as the MKT, entering Texas along the general route of the old Shawnee Trail, provided a better way to move livestock out of the state.