Between 1836 and 1907, members of the Five Civilized, sovereign Nations were forcibly removed from the Deep South into Indian Territory, bringing with them a strong need for salt, a necessity people sometimes traveled for days to obtain because it flavored venison, rabbit, and stews, preserved meat for winter, and improved the taste of corn and bread; treaties assured access to it in unfamiliar new lands. In 1821, the Cherokee moved from pre-history to historic times by adopting their first written syllabary, crafted by Sequoyah in answer to white powers' "talking leaves," and within a decade the Nation was largely literate and brought its printing press to Park Hill, where it produced editions of The Cherokee Phoenix in both Cherokee and English that were read and treasured as far away as Great Britain. A 1948 U.S. Post Office commemorative stamp marked an "Indian Centennial" for "The Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma - 1848-1948," recalling a pre-Civil War gathering of Indian Nation leaders that celebrated the perpetuation of sovereign governments, the creation of dynamic schools preparing young men and women for major U.S. universities, and the expansion of systems of laws and courts that had served as models for even the United States Constitution. Ahead lay the "War of Southern Aggression," which brought divisions, substantial destruction, loss of western lands, liberation of former slaves, and the creation of the Freedmen, changing the course of Indian Country.