Marines served from the American Revolution through the wars of the twenty-first century in a long sequence of actions and institutional milestones. The Continental Congress authorized the first two Continental Marine Battalions on November 10, 1775, and Marines soon carried out their first amphibious assault at Fort Nassau in the Bahamas, adopted their first standardized uniform with a leather neck, and reinforced Washington's retreat from New York. President John Adams established the U.S. Marine Corps on July 11, 1798; William Burrows was appointed the first Commandant in June 1800; and the Marine Barracks was established in Washington, DC, on March 31, 1801. Marines fought in the War of 1812, and under Archibald Henderson, the fifth Commandant, the Corps was modernized, including artillery support for landing parties; in 1834 Congress stipulated that the Marine Corps was part of the U.S. Navy. In later conflicts, Marines took Chapultepec Castle in the Mexican War, were among the first from Admiral Perry's fleet to set foot on Japan, and helped recapture the U.S. arsenal from John Brown at Harpers Ferry. During the Civil War, Marines attempted to retake Fort Sumter, Corporal John Mackie became the first Marine awarded the Medal of Honor, and Marines joined the capture of Fort Fisher; the Marine Corps emblem, Officer's Dress Mess uniform, and the motto "Semper Fidelis" were later adopted. Marines then fought in the Spanish-American War, the Philippine Insurrection, and the Latin American campaigns, where Marine aviation was formed and Marines under Major Smedley Butler fought in Haiti. In World War One, Marine aviation units deployed to the Azores and France, Marines fought at Belleau Wood, and women were authorized for enlistment in the Marine Corps Reserve. In World War Two, the First Marine Division made the first American land offensive with amphibious landings at Tulagi and Guadalcanal, landing force air support control units were created, Marine aviators were credited with downing two thousand three hundred fifty-five Japanese aircraft while losing five hundred seventy-three of their own, and Marines took part in the landing on Okinawa. After the war, the first Marine jet aviation squadron and first Marine helicopter squadron were established. In Korea, the First Marine Division landed at Inchon and Marines broke out from the Chosin Reservoir, and in 1952 the Marine Commandant was given equal voice on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In Vietnam, Marines landed at Da Nang, endured the seventy-seven-day siege at Khe Sahn, and carried out the evacuations of Phnom Penh and Saigon. Marines also took part in operations in Grenada, Panama, the Gulf War, Somalia, and Bosnia, while suffering the loss of two hundred twenty Marines in the Beirut barracks bombing. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan, and in Iraq the First Marine Expeditionary Force helped spearhead the invasion and later received primary responsibility for Al Anbar Province.