During 1836-37, U. S. soldiers herded about 14,000 mainly Upper Creek Indians in Alabama and Georgia who had refused to move to Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and held them in stockades until their forced removal west. Earlier, about 3,000 Lower Creeks of the McIntosh faction had moved "voluntarily" to lands in the west. All were marched under harsh travel conditions by water or land routes, and about 4,000 Creeks died. The routes took the Creeks overland and on rivers, including one river route designed to carry only 300, and tragedy struck when the Steamboat Monmouth sank, taking some 311 lives. All removal routes ended at the disembarkment station of Ft. Gibson, where the Creeks then moved into the current Muscogee (Creek) Nation boundaries. In the I.T., old settlement patterns continued, with the Lower Creeks settling along the Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers and the Upper Creeks along the Canadian Rivers.