Mexicans and displaced Oklahomans picked fruit in the valley's orchards through the 1930s, often camping in the orchards where they worked. Displaced Oklahomans usually traveled individually from farm to farm asking for extra work, while Mexicans were often hired in groups through a labor foreman. Common wages in the 1930s ranged from $.20 to $.35 per hour or $2.00 to $3.50 for a ten-hour day. When World War II began, the Bracero Program formalized the migration of Mexican farm workers to California fields. Rudy Calles, who worked as a migrant laborer from age eight through the next ten years of his youth, recalled these family trips to "Prune Heaven" as work marked by misery, dirt, painful backs, aching knees, and sunburned hands and necks.