The Great War ended its fighting on November 11, 1918, after the United States entered in April 1917, sent troops to Europe later that year, and by late summer 1918 had enough trained American forces at the front to help turn the tide in the final Allied offensive. Although later known as World War I and officially concluded by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, the United States Senate refused to ratify that treaty, and the United States instead signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. Ohioans played a major part in the war effort: draftees and volunteers formed the 83rd "Ohio" Division, Black soldiers from Ohio served in the segregated 92nd "Buffalo" Division, the Ohio National Guard became the 37th "Buckeye" Division, and some Ohio guardsmen joined the 42nd "Rainbow" Division, one of the first divisions to reach France in late 1917. More than 154,000 Ohio men were drafted, the state's total military commitment exceeded 260,000, and about 6,500 Ohio troops died from disease or wounds. Ohio civilians also supported the war through industrial organization, labor mobilization, War Saving Stamps, Liberty Bonds, victory gardens, food and fuel rationing, and recycling, while Camp Sherman at Chillicothe served as a major U.S. Army training camp and later as a discharge and retraining center. The red poppy became associated with World War I because it flourished on battlefields and cemeteries in Europe after the war and because of Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae's 1915 poem "In Flanders Fields." The American Legion adopted the poppy as its official flower on September 27, 1920, and later distributed poppies nationally to memorialize those who fought and died and to support veterans, active-duty personnel, and their families.