The National Institutes of Health is the United States federal government’s main biomedical and public health research agency, based in Bethesda, Maryland, with facilities across the country. Founded in 1887 as the Hygienic Laboratory, it evolved through moves to Washington and Bethesda and expanded into multiple specialized institutes by 1948. NIH conducts research directly through its own laboratories and clinical programs while funding vast amounts of work at outside institutions nationwide. Its research and support have shaped major medical advances, influenced the development of new drugs, and helped establish modern human-subjects review standards, while its operations remain closely tied to federal policy.