After the Civil War, Indian Territory became known as "Robber's Roost" and the "Land of the Six-Shooter," a criminal's paradise during the 1800s that also affected the Choctaw Nation. Criminals seeking refuge where there was "no white man's law" or extradition simply crossed the border into Indian Territory, and with the border just 15 miles to the east, many scoundrels camped in the area. When Judge Isaac C. Parker ruled the U.S. Court in Ft. Smith, Arkansas, between 1875 and 1896, escaping the law was no longer an option. Known as the "Hanging Judge," Parker and his 200 deputy marshals cleansed the territory of many famous criminals such as the Daltons, the Buck Gang, and Cole Younger. Parker tried 13,490 cases, and 9,454 resulted in guilty pleas or convictions. He sentenced 160 to death for capital crimes, and 88 were publicly hanged from the courtyard's gallows. The Choctaw government maintained a judicial branch with a court system, jury trials, and law enforcement officers known as light horsemen, but its legal power was limited to its own citizens.